School of Business and Governance

Leading researcher: Merle Küttim ja Erkki Karo

Department: Department of Business Administration and Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 885 960 €

Deadline: 2029

The study contributes in the framework of the measure „Enhancing the Knowledge Intensity of Entrepreneurship in Ida-Viru: Developing Research Capacity in Ida-Viru County to Establish a RDI Network” during 2024-2028 to the development of a theoretically grounded framework for transition processes as well as methodology and models for empirical monitoring of relevant aspects of transition. The study consists of three themes: just transition governance, Ida-Viru innovation system, and changing business models of Ida-Viru companies. The aforementioned three thematic work packages contribute together with the remaining four (monitoring and prognosis of Ida-Viru employment, development of Ida-Viru technology intensive innovation niches, vulnerability of local population and innovation potential, health impacts of transition and development of health services) to the development of the transition processes framework and are implemented in cooperation with UT research teams.

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Leading researcher: Veiko Lember

Department: Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 490 000 €

Deadline: 2030

CoE ENER covers 53% of final energy use in Estonia as well as major energy saving measures with highest investment volumes. CoE aims to contribute to Estonian societal and economic challenge to transform 75% of existing building stock with poor energy performance to zero emission buildings (ZEB) with maximized co-benefits and improved life quality by 2050. The scientific aim is to extend the excellence in ZEB technologies to become the top research centre in equity-enhancing deep renovation, driving disruptive changes and initiating systemic reforms encompassing innovative technologies, novel governance models, novel participatory and collaborative approaches to engage citizens. Interdisciplinary CoE combines engineering, social, data sciences and economics with central focus on energy performance of buildings and districts, electrification and flexibility, renewable energy generation and storage, energy saving measures and business models with their socioeconomic and regional impacts.

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Leading researcher: Tarmo Kalvet

Department: Department of Business Administration

Project value: 595 000 €

Deadline: 2030

This Centre of Excellence (CoE) focuses on fostering innovation in resource efficiency, promoting circular economy practices, utilizing local resources, ensuring safe material circulation, and educating researchers to reduce environmental impacts. It centers around four key areas: Strategic Mineral Resources (SMR), Carbon-Based Resources (CBR), Circular Technologies Upscaling (CTU), and Circular Business Eco-System and Modeling (CBEM). The SMR group maps critical materials in waste streams, including renewables, for extraction and reuse while minimizing hazardous waste. The CBR group develops eco-friendly pathways for essential chemicals and plastics, also assessing their environmental impact. The CTU group pioneers waste reduction and recycling methods for aqueous, and solid waste, incl. water purification. The CBEM group analyzes sustainable business ecosystems and value chains. This CoE's interdisciplinary approach will benefit both Estonia and Europe by advancing circular economy.

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Leading researcher: Wolfgang Dieter Gerstlberger

Department: Department of Business Administration

Project value: 161 225 €

Deadline: 2026

Active mobility is an accessible, healthy and green mode of transport. In the BSR dark winters, with snow and rain, active mobility usage drops. To increase Year-Round Active Mobility (YRAM), suitable infrastructure and equipment must be in place, and citizens need to see it as an attractive and safe option. Public Authorities responsible for urban design, mobility planning and road maintenance do not currently give special consideration for YRAM. Out of tradition, mobility and road planning is still largely focused on cars, and cycling and walking planning typically targets daylight and warmer weather conditions. By learning about the benefits and opportunities through accessing new tools and evidence-based recommendations on YRAM, planners can implement the right interventions to increase AM use all year round, contributing to low carbon mobility systems. BATS supports local and regional authorities to design and implement policies, infrastructures and campaigns that effectively promote Year-Round Active Mobility (walking and cycling in adverse light and weather conditions). Our two solutions will be co-developed and tested in 7 BSR countries and transferred to neighbouring cities and regions. Solution 1: a YRAM Technical Toolkit, helps planners to Diagnose YRAM issues, develop Intervention Strategies and Monitor progress. Solution 2: a Citizen Activation Guide for YRAM helps planners understand and prioritise user groups and deploys effective campaigns to promote AM use.

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Leading researcher: Mari Avarmaa

Department: Department of Business Administration

Project value: 417 216€

Deadline: 2030

Driving Climate Positive Futures (DREAM+PLAN), a truly interdisciplinary, international, and intersectoral PhD program, uniting European and Australian research via 32 doctoral positions, many for double degree. DREAM+PLAN brings together a community of visionary changemakers, leaders, who dream big and develop tangible pathways for solving local and global climate-related challenges, all united by a mission to create a positive impact, towards a more sustainable, fair, inclusive and thriving planet for future generations. The overarching objectives of DREAM+PLAN research training program is to create and deliver, legacy-worthy, novel, cutting-edge, 3i-centric training through best-practice multi-faceted, group and individual training options for DC’s

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Leading researcher: Anu Masso

Department: Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 1 339 100€

Deadline: 2030

Mobility of data across countries is ubiquitous and fundamental to advancing artificial intelligence (AI). Yet this poses significant risks, reshaping geopolitical power, fuelling value conflicts, and redefining essential literacies, particularly for small countries like Estonia. This project develops a path-breaking data migration framework that integrates migration and mobility theories with data studies and social transformation perspectives to analyse how data movements drive societal change. Using an innovative mixed-method approach, it combines cross-country crowdsourced surveys, cognitive perception analysis, and anthropological methods to trace the impacts of data migration. By leveraging large language models, the project refines theories and builds a foundation for testing the proposed framework. The outcomes aim to provide knowledge to mitigate risks, equip future generations with critical skills, and prepare societies for AI transformations driven by data migration.

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Leading researcher: Ebru Metin

Department: Department of Law

Project value: 690 000 €

Deadline: 2030

The European Legal Design Action (ELDA) makes laws, regulations, and contracts clearer, more practical, and easier to implement. It brings together lawyers, designers, technologists, policymakers, businesses, and scholars to develop user-friendly solutions based on artificial intelligence, interactive tools, and plain language. ELDA improves the accessibility, usability, and compliance of both existing and future legal frameworks. It also creates a pan-European platform for cooperation and knowledge exchange, strengthening legal design skills and supporting individuals, SMEs, and public authorities. In doing so, ELDA helps make lawmaking more effective, fairer, and more supportive of competitiveness.

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Leading researcher: Aki Harima

Department: Department of Business Administration

Project value: 582 589€

Deadline: 2029

Entrepreneurial ecosystems have received rapidly growing scholarly attention and political interests. Yet, extant studies have focused predominantly on place-based dynamics, neglecting the role of digitalization. The Estonian entrepreneurial ecosystem is known for a high level of digitalization. However, we know little about how digitalization catalyzed ecosystem evolution and facilitated interconnectedness between different regions within the country. Against this background, this project aims at examining the role of digitalization in ecosystem evolution with a multi-level approach. At the macro level, we will explore the hybrid ecosystem architecture. At the meso level, we will identify ecosystem leadership practices performed by key organizations. At the micro level, we will examine individual entrepreneurs’ strategies to mobilize resources embedded in the hybrid architecture. The project will offer valuable implications for Estonian economic policies.

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Leading researcher: Helery Tasane

Department: Department of Business Administration

Project value: 548 348€

Deadline: 2028

Entrepreneurial ecosystems have received rapidly growing scholarly attention and political interests. Yet, extant studies have focused predominantly on place-based dynamics, neglecting the role of digitalization. The Estonian entrepreneurial ecosystem is known for a high level of digitalization. However, we know little about how digitalization catalyzed ecosystem evolution and facilitated interconnectedness between different regions within the country. Against this background, this project aims at examining the role of digitalization in ecosystem evolution with a multi-level approach. At the macro level, we will explore the hybrid ecosystem architecture. At the meso level, we will identify ecosystem leadership practices performed by key organizations. At the micro level, we will examine individual entrepreneurs’ strategies to mobilize resources embedded in the hybrid architecture. The project will offer valuable implications for Estonian economic policies.

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Leading researcher: Aaro Hazak

Department: Department of Economics and Finance

Project value: 501 242 €

Deadline: 2027

The overarching objective of NewWorkTech is to examine how individuals with diverse abilities can participate meaningfully in digital and cognitively demanding labour markets. TalTech’s Hop-On contribution broadens the consortium’s scientific, interdisciplinary and geographical scope by introducing an economics- and data-driven agenda focused on mental health–related ability diversity. The aim is to generate new knowledge on how functional restrictions and neurocognitive diversity—particularly mental health conditions—shape individual labour market outcomes, entrepreneurship and long-term economic well-being in increasingly digital societies.

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Leading researcher: Erkki Karo

Department: Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 436 825€

Deadline: 2027

The FINEST Twins project will build a multidisciplinary smart-city Center of Excellence that will match the leading smart city research centres globally and focus on all five key domains of clean and sustainable smart city development: mobility, energy and built environment glued together by governance and urban analytics & data management (research streams).
The FINEST Twins will have a globally unique focus on developing user-driven clean and sustainable smart city solutions that are “cross-border-by-default” in the context of emerging twin city between Tallinn and Helsinki

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Leading researcher: Karin Reinhold

Department: Department of Business Administration

Project value: 394 132€

Deadline: 2029

Easy2reUse project will develop an intelligent reusable mask for healthcare workers, critical working groups and citizens. The mask will be sustainable, easy-to-breath, comfortable to wear long working hours, low lifetime cost, easy to clean, meeting the universal fit and standard requirements. User experiences of the mask will be closely studied in Finland and Spain. Cleaning and maintaining in the hospital environment and other environments are the essential part to make the mask reusable, fulfilling the cleanliness requirements. The market readiness research for reusable facemasks focuses on designing manufacturing processes that emphasize material sourcing, cost efficiency, and sustainability. A comprehensive understanding of economic feasibility, usability, and manufacturing efficiency is achieved by combining quantitative and qualitative analyses throughout the prototype development and testing phases. During these tests, facemask prototypes with integrated electronics are evaluated for functionality, durability, and compliance with current regulations and standards. Additionally, documentation for EU type-examination is prepared, and an internal quality control system is established and verified. The project explores best practices and challenges in production, regulatory compliance, and market entry by drawing insights from similar industries. Comparative case studies, life cycle costing (LCC), and assessments of market and technology readiness (MRL and TRL) guide the creation of scalable production plans. A preparedness plan is also developed for stockpiling, scale-up, and adoption by healthcare workers and the public during pandemics, applicable across European countries. The manufacturing process is designed to ensure production takes place in Europe, supporting regional supply chain resilience. Market readiness and cost-effectiveness are evaluated to create a comprehensive plan for rapid production and widespread market adoption.

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Leading researcher: Karin Reinhold

Department: Department of Business Administration

Project value: 354 560€

Deadline: 2028

The project increases the acceptance and understanding the development of AI based Virtual Assistants (VA) for public sector rehabilitation processes. It facilitates new initiatives to adopt VAs as part of it. The project is needed in all levels of decision making concerning labor-intensive rehabilitation processes, within rehabilitation stakeholders and patients and in health technology industry in Europe. Many parts of the rehabilitation process could benefit of VAs, but they are not fully utilized due their poor acceptance, difficult development and strict health care regulation. There isn’t guidelines and promos to help the rehabilitation stakeholders, users and professionals or technology industry to develop their services towards hybrid e-rehabilitation. This project produces carefully planned, developed and in real life situation piloted demo versions of VAs, guidelines and descriptions of their requirements and possibility to test them. Giving an examples of “how to do it” and possibility to see the piloted VAs, will support the target groups to overcome their doubts of using AI in rehabilitation process. It helps the industry to increase their readiness level to offer suitable solutions for regulated public health sector. The project outcome is developed and piloted for rehabilitation, but with the guidelines and e-books it is scalable for other health care sectors. By that, society will gain resilience offering people more and timely health care services. evaluated to create a comprehensive plan for rapid production and widespread market adoption.

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Leading researcher: Mari-Klara Stein

Department: Department of Business Administration

Project value: 265 172€

Deadline: 2029

Debates on working time reduction (WTR) are accelerating in Europe’s policy and public arenas, reflecting demographic pressures, low growth, and demands for more sustainable labour markets. While WTR promises gains in well-being, equality, and inclusion, evidence remains fragmented, often limited to single-country pilots and one-size-fits-all models such as the four-day week. OPTIME – Opportunities for Time in Employment, Environment, and Equality – addresses this gap by generating the first cross-national, multi-level evidence base on feasible, inclusive, and sustainable WTR models. OPTIME integrates micro-, meso-, and macro-level perspectives across eight European countries, combining secondary datasets, historical reform studies, existing pilot data, new primary data on enablers and barriers, new multi-country pilots, and online experiments. This comprehensive design enables novel modelling of WTR’s impacts on employees, organisations, and societies. Specific attention is given to underrepresented and vulnerable groups (such as women, caregivers, migrants, older and neurodiverse workers) and to environmental effects such as commuting, energy use, and carbon footprints. A core innovation is the co-creation of findings with policymakers, social partners, employers, and civil society through a European stakeholder panel, national workshops, and foresight exercises. These processes ensure that empirical insights translate into actionable policy recommendations, implementation toolkits, and future scenarios. By systematically identifying enablers, barriers, and outcomes, OPTIME will deliver evidence-informed strategies to scale WTR models that enhance resilience, competitiveness, and sustainability. Beyond advancing academic knowledge, OPTIME will provide Europe’s first integrated policy framework on WTR, positioning the EUas a global leader in shaping the future of work.

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Leading researcher: Wolfgang Dieter Gerstlberger

Department: Department of Business Administration

Project value: 248 775 €

Deadline: 2029

The Estonian oil shale ash mountain waters are characterised as mineralised and alkaline, with substantial valuable constituents. These waters are currently simply neutralised, which is a socio-economic liability.

The goal of this project is to turn this socio-economic liability into a value-creation opportunity by identifying and verifying an integrated water treatment process that enables the extraction and marketing of these valuable constituents. The valuable products are mainly potassium-based. For example, KOH and K2SO4 both have a considerable market value, and are used as base chemicals for a multitude of uses and as high-quality fertiliser, respectively. Other byproducts of the purification process might include marketable amounts of purified water or green hydrogen.

With Enefit Industry as an important partner and the Baltic Power Plant Ash Mountain 1 as pilot site, the project has a strong focus on delivering upscalable and implementation-focused results.

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Leading researcher: Veiko Lember

Department: Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 222 750 €

Deadline: 2029

The RADAR project (Renewing Administration through Democratic Anchorage Reforms) aims to enhance the democratic governance of public services and public administrations. To construct legitimacy for public administration, it will focus on democratic anchorage, new narratives and education.

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Leading researcher: Veiko Lember

Department: Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 216 000€

Deadline: 2026

The project’s vision is to explore the conditions for a climate resilient global economy and society. Confronting climate collapse, political economy, as a field of scholarship and real-world practice, faces two cumbersome dependencies: fossil fuels and Gross Domestic Product growth. These dependencies are hindering the conceptualisation and viability of the socioeconomic transformation pathways necessary to address the climate crisis. In this direction, the project aims at the investigation, documentation, and feasibility study of Transformative Resilient Practices, defined as unique arrangements of technology, production, and organisation accelerating climate adaptation and mitigation locally, while demonstrating climate resilience pathways globally. Through this, the project aspires to contribute to capacities enabling transformation towards climate resilient pathways, within both the political economy scholarship, and the real-world practices it studies.

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Leading researcher: Wolfgang Dieter Gerstlberger and Anu Masso

Department: Department of Business Administration and Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 223 658 €

Deadline: 2028

The FINEST Twins project will build a multidisciplinary smart-city Center of Excellence that will match the leading smart city research centres globally and focus on all five key domains of clean and sustainable smart city development: mobility, energy and built environment glued together by governance and urban analytics & data management (research streams).
The FINEST Twins will have a globally unique focus on developing user-driven clean and sustainable smart city solutions that are “cross-border-by-default” in the context of emerging twin city between Tallinn and Helsinki

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Leading researcher: Robert Krimmer

Department: Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 8 000 000 €

Deadline: 2021

The “Once-Only” Principle Project (TOOP) is an innovation action which explores and demonstrates the implementation of the “once-only” principle on a cross-border scale with the aim to reduce the administrative burden for businesses and public administrations and contribute to the EU digital single market. The “once-only” principle assumes that businesses should provide any information to public bodies only once, and public organisations should share and reuse any data that already exists in public databases. TOOP aims to explore and demonstrate the “once-only” principle (OOP) on a cross-border pan-European scale by developing a generic federated architecture that is able to connect registries and e-government architectures in different countries. This architecture is tested and refined through pilot projects in three domains: 1) cross-border e-services for business mobility; 2) connected company data; 3) online ship and crew certificates. TOOP pilots are unique in their ambition and scale, involving 60 information systems in 20 EU Member States and associated countries. The overall project coordinator is TTÜ Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance (RND). Next to management, RND is involved in the identification of the barriers related to cross-border data exchange, and impact assessment. TTÜ’s Department of Software Science leads the task of IT architecture development.

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Leading researcher: Vasilis Kostakis

Department: Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 1 017 275 €

Deadline: 2022

COSMOLOCALISM will document, analyze, test, evaluate, and create awareness of an emerging mode of production, based on the confluence of the digital commons (e.g., open knowledge and desing) with local manufacturing and automation technologies (from 3D printing and CNC machines to low-tech tools and crafts). This convergence could catalyze the transition to new inclusive and circular production models, such as the "desing global, manufacture local" (DGML) model. COSMOLOCALISM is a pilot-driven investigation of the DGML phenomenon that seeks to understand relevant organizationa models, their evolution, end their broader political economy/ecology and policy implications. Throuhg the lens of diverse case studies and participatory action research, the conditions under which the DGML model thrives will be explred

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Leading researcher: Tõnn Talpsepp

Department: Department of Economics and Finance

Project value: 130 000 €

Deadline: 2026

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Leading researcher: Erkki Karo

Department: Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 297 000 €

Deadline: 2021

The aim of research is to analyse the status and development potential of value chains and the use of bioresources to increase the competitiveness of Estonian bioeconomy by taking into account the principles of sustainable development. The mapping of the current state of Estonian bioeconomy is based on the analysis of six value chains: food and feed; cellulose, paper products, products and constructing from wood; textile and clothes; biofuels and bioenergy; biomaterials, chemicals, pharmacy and plastic products; and ecosystem services in bioeconomy. The applicability of the best available technologies to valorise existing bioresources and to develop scenarios for Estonian bioeconomy will be studied. In pre-selected fields, new business models will be developed, and their environmental and socio-economic impact will be analysed. Companies and public sector decision-makers can use the bioeconomy scenarios and business models in their strategic planning and policy making processes. Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance coordinated the activities of scenario building and policy analysis and recommendations

Leading researcher: Tiina Randma-Liiv

Department: Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 245 000 €

Deadline: 2021

The TROPICO project (Transforming into Open, Innovative and Collaborative Governments) aims to comparatively examine how public administrations are transformed to enhance collaboration in policy design and service delivery, advancing the participation of public, private and societal actors. It will analyse collaboration in and by governments, with a special emphasis on the use of information and communication technologies (ICT), and its consequences. Assessing the institutional conditions and individual drivers and barriers is crucial for understanding the transformation of governments towards greater collaboration. The state structures and administrative traditions provide different 'starting points' of the public sectors in Europe. Likewise, individual attitudes, skills, and expertise of officials play a decisive role in understanding this transformation. Subsequently, TROPICO will examine collaboration practices within governments (internal) and between public, private and societal actors (external), across a variety of policy sectors. The project will address the actors and means of innovative collaboration, including ICT, and how they are interlinked. Lastly, assessing the effects of collaboration for legitimacy, accountability and government efficiency is essential to provide a comprehensive analysis of the transformation towards open, innovative, and collaborative governments. This multidisciplinary project will follow a truly comparative approach, examining ten countries representing the five administrative traditions in Europe: Nordic (Norway, Denmark), Central and Eastern European (Estonia, Hungary), Continental (Netherlands, Germany), Napoleonic (France, Spain; Belgium (mixed)), and Anglo-Saxon (United Kingdom). The project will combine rigorous quantitative and qualitative research methods. TROPICO puts a strong emphasis on the inclusion of stakeholders and users throughout the project to test and reflect upon the applicability of findings and policy recommendations.

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Leading researcher: Jaanus Müür

Department: Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 207 532 €

Deadline: 2025

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Leading researcher: Abel Polese, Tanel Kerikmäe, Archil Chochia

Department: Department of Law

Project value: 464 139 €

Deadline: 2024

Project MARKETS responds to novel opportunities emerging in post-Soviet spaces by conducting a study on the influence of both formal and informal factors impacting on access to markets in eight countries in the post-USSR.

Leading researcher: Veiko Lember

Department: Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 394 425 €

Deadline: 2024

With the industrial revolution, technology was introduced to society, creating significant economic benefits to regional and national economies. However, globalisation resulted in European cities losing a large volume of their manufacturing capacity, transitioning into a knowledge economy. As a consequence, manufacturing jobs have decreased and neglected industrial areas have fallen into decay.

The EU-funded CENTRINNO project aims to develop and demonstrate strategies, approaches and solutions for the regeneration of industrial historic sites and areas as creative production and manufacturing hubs that stay true to the ecological challenges of our time. The areas will also boost a diverse, inclusive and innovative urban economy and use heritage as a catalyst for innovation and social inclusion.

The lead partner of the project is Milan; in addition, Spain, the Netherlands, Croatia, Iceland, Italy, Greece, France, Switzerland and Denmark are also participating.

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Leading researcher: Aaro Hazak

Department: Department of Economics and Finance

Project value: 900 000 €

Deadline: 2023

IBEP is a project led by Tallinn University of Technology in collaboration with internationally leading counterparts Aalto University, University of Helsinki and Tel Aviv University.

The project aims at generating a better understanding of linkages between individual behaviour and economic performance. Behavioural economics has deepened our understanding of various deviations from rationality in economic performance. Economic outcomes of prevalent individual differences in cognitive capacity and neurophysiology as well as in beliefs and preferences warrant further investigation. Moreover, better designed economic policy and institutions, which take into account that people are different and their wellbeing responds differently to any given policy measures, leads to better utilisation of human capital endowment and enhanced economic performance. The project is a joint effort of economics, finance, practical philosophy and neuroscience scholars, where several internationally highly renowned professors work under a comprehensive set of networking and capacity building activities together with established and early stage researchers in a stimulating multidisciplinary setting.

Several joint doctoral courses and seminars, conferences, summer schools and supervising/advising activities are scheduled in 2020-2023.

Leading researcher: Archil Chochia

Department: Department of Law

Project value: 387 500 €

Deadline: 2024

The project aims to study how the media discourses are constructed to foster or hamper the European project and how they resonate among the public by focusing on the elite-media-public triangle.

MEDIATIZED EU starts from two fundamental premises. The first, that the media play a central role in the construction of reality, influencing the way it is politically constituted, closing political dynamics as or more relevant than the formal political processes themselves. The second recognises the existence of multiple Europes and, subsequently, of different narratives of what it means “to be European” and what it means to be “Europe” as a common project. In this sense, MEDIATIZED EU will seek to analyse the representations of the "European project" and the concept and processes of "Europeanisation" conveyed by the media (conventional and digital) in Europe, as well as the perceptions of European public opinion towards these representations. The project will map and analyse the political, social, economic and legal information and misinformation systems, processes and dynamics that build these different representations of the EU in the European media space and understand the ways in which they are appropriated, negotiated, co-opted or contested by public opinion in the different Europes within Europe itself.

With a strong political and communication component, MEDIATIZED EU will generate a panoply of results addressed to various audiences, among others, scientific articles, books and book chapters, policy and good practice recommendations, podcasts, website, op-eds or higher education curricula.

Leading researcher: Tiina Randma-Liiv

Department: Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 288 713 €

Deadline: 2026

The focus of European post-pandemic politics is on enhancing system capacities for ‘bouncing back’ from crisis to normalcy. These efforts draw on resilience research, which has become the dominant paradigm in crisis management. However, there are broad governance challenges that the resilience approach fails to consider. Centrally, how can European societies harness flexible adaptation and proactive innovation to deliver effective crisis responses in situations, where going back to the way things were is neither possible nor desirable? How can democratic institutions uphold core values such as democracy, the rule of law, and fundamental rights in the face of crisis-induced turbulence? To address these challenges, the ROBUST project aims to set in motion a paradigm shift from ‘resilience’ (‘bouncing back’) to ‘robustness’(‘building back better’) as the central principle of future crisis governance. The project breaks new ground by operationalizing the concept of robust crisis governance and investigating such responses empirically. The project combines historical and comparative analysis at EU, national and local levels together with a multi-dimensional dataset out of which we identify the configurations of factors that drive (or block) robustness in crisis governance. The project studies responses by EU institutions and eight European countries to recent crises (with emphasis on COVID-19) to understand general patterns in system-level crises response. At the same time, we also conduct in-depth studies of localized COVID-19 responses in 16 European localities to understand how EU, national and local crisis responses interact and are experienced by citizens. On this basis, the project delivers the elements of a new mindset and a paradigm change along with policy recommendations for enabling the robust crisis governance of the future.

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Leading researcher: Veiko Lember

Department: Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance

Project value: 729 688 €

Deadline: 2025

Public administrations across Europe face double pressure to adjust to the digital age while inducing sustainable development. As they do so, the governments need to develop new, and redevelop old, public administration and policy capabilities. The current project rests on the assumption that public administrations form a pivotal yet often neglected cog in social shaping of technological progress driving the sustainable future. The objective of the PAFSD project is to create a new generation world-class research, teaching and knowledge transfer capabilities at the cross-roads of public administration, digital transformation and sustainable transition at TalTech, Estonia. This will be achieved by complementing the existing unique knowledge base of TalTech with training a new generation early-career researchers, exchanging new knowledge between senior researchers and support staff, developing new educational capabilities, actively engaging in policy networks internationally, enhancing organizational capabilities and doing a hands-on small-scale research project. The PADST project will pool the competences of three of the leading European research universities - KU Leuven, Universiteit Utrecht, and University College London - with TalTech to develop an international cutting-edge research center studying and shaping public administration capabilities fit for the digital and sustainable future in Estonia, Europe and beyond.

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Leading researcher: Kristi Joamets

Department: Department of Law

Project value: 139 731 €

Deadline: 2026

The general objective of the EquiTech project is to enhance capacity of public authorities in Estonia and Lithuania in addressing risks of bias and discrimination in ADM procedures. This will be achieved by developing research, support materials, trainings and media campaign. This will be reached by:
1. Desk research on gaps in policies and legal frameworks on AI in Estonia and Lithuania together with mapping of potential risks of discrimination and bias in ADM systems deployed by Estonian public authorities.
2. Development of practical toolkits to address potential risks for discrimination and bias in design and deployment of ADM systems;
3. Capacity building with inclusion among project stakeholders and target groups through trainings, study trips, international conference and academic webinars;
4. Raising public awareness on the risks of discrimination and bias in public sector ADM systems.
As a result, we will minimize the probability of discrimination and bias in Estonian and Lithuanian ADM systems and set an example to other member states, contributing to the national action plans against racism and strategies against antisemitism, anti-Muslim hatred and xenophobia, LGBTIQ-phobia and all other forms of intolerance.

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TalTech's research article of the year 2025 in the field of social sciences and humanities

• Stein, Mari-Klara; Shollo, Arisa (2025). Microfoundations of rationality in the age of AI: On emotions, bodies and intelligence. Information and Organization, 35, 3,  #100583. DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2025.100583.

School of Business and Governance's research articles of the year 2025    

• Akhtar, Naeem; Ittefaq, Huma; Siddiqi, Umar Iqbal; Islam, Tahir; Hameed, Zahid; Kuzior, Aleksandra (2024). Zero-COVID and retail: Using multi-wave data to examine the role of perceived risk and psychological factors in shopping abandonment. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 78,  #103737. DOI: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103737
• Berthinier-Poncet, Anne; Podmetina, Daria; Robbins, Peter (2025). The art of innovation: How arts-based initiatives can nurture innovation dynamic capabilities. Technovation, 148,  #103337. DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2025.103337. 
• Anderson, Ronald W.; Jõeveer, Karin (2025). Bankers' pay and the evolving structure of US banking. Journal of Corporate Finance, 95,  #102864. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2025.102864.
• Boswell, John; Corbett, Jack; Grube, Dennis C.; Stein, Mari-Klara (2025). How does government feel? Toward a theory of institutional pathos in public administration. Public Administration Review, 85 (4),  962−972. DOI: 10.1111/puar.13901. 
• Kukk, Merike; Levenko, Natalia (2024). Interest rate spreads: Different stories for different types of loan. Research in International Business and Finance, 72 (A),  102524. DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2024.102524.      
• Raudla, Ringa; Juuse, Egert; Kuokštis, Vytautas; Cepilovs, Aleksandrs; Ylönen, Matti (2025). Drivers of fintech policy evolution: the role of policy learning and institutions. Policy & Politics, 53 (1),  87−108. DOI: 10.1332/03055736Y2024D000000042. 
• Raudla, Ringa; Sarapuu, Külli; Vallistu, Johanna; Onno, Kerli; Harbuzova, Nastassia (2025). The politics of experimental policymaking: the influence of blame avoidance and credit claiming. Policy Sciences, 58,  245−266. DOI: 10.1007/s11077-025-09568-7.  
• Douglas, James W.; Szmer, John; Raudla, Ringa (2025). Political tax cycles in the US states: Opportunism versus ideological sincerity in governors' revenue proposals. Governance, 38 (2). DOI: 10.1111/gove.12886.       
• Raudla, Ringa; Juuse, Egert; Kuokstis, Vytautas; Cepilovs, Aleksandrs; Cipinys, Vytenis; Ylonen, Matti (2025). To sandbox or not to sandbox? Diverging strategies of regulatory responses to FinTech. Regulation & Governance, 19 (3),  917−932. DOI: 10.1111/rego.12630.     
• Drechsler, Wolfgang; Kattel, Rainer; Chafik, Salah (2024). Islamic public administration and Islamic public value: Towards a research agenda. Public Policy and Administration, 39, 4,  608−624. DOI: 10.1177/09520767231201799.                     
• Kirejev, Mihhail; Gerstlberger, Wolfgang Dieter; Niine, Tarvo (2025). Political ideologies and strategic management in municipal transportation: A comparative analysis of smart and sustainable development approaches. Cities, 162,  #105988. DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2025.105988. 
• Hazak, Aaro; Liuhanen, Johanna; Kantojärvi, Katri; Sulkava, Sonja; Jääskeläinen, Tuija; Salomaa, Veikko; Koskinen, Seppo; Perola, Markus; Paunio, Tiina (2025). Schizophrenia genetic risk and labour market outcomes in the Finnish general population: Are schizophrenia-related traits penalised or rewarded? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 140,  #152600. DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152600.
• Kajander, Aleksi; Liivoja, Rain; Naagel, Maarja (2025). Cybersecurity of weapon systems: international law requirements and technical standards. Journal of Cybersecurity, 11 (1),  #tyaf017. DOI: 10.1093/cybsec/tyaf017.

TalTech's research article of the year 2024 in the field of social sciences and humanities

• Marquardt, Leon; Harima, Aki (2024). Digital boundary spanning in the evolution of entrepreneurial ecosystems: A dynamic capabilities perspective. Journal of Business Research, 182,  #114762. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114762.

School of Business and Governance's research articles of the year 2024

• Harima, Aki; Harima, Jan; Freiling, Jörg (2024). Ecosystem Orchestration: Unpacking the Leadership Capabilities of Anchor Organizations in Nascent Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 48 (6),  1404−1450. DOI: 10.1177/10422587241241824.
• Raudla, Ringa; Mohr, Zachary; Douglas, James W. (2024). Which managerial reforms facilitate public sector innovation? Public Administration, 102 (2), 771−788. DOI: 10.1111/padm.12951
• Raudla, Ringa; Sarapuu, Külli; Vallistu, Johanna; Harbuzova, Nastassia (2024). It is about time! Exploring the clashing timeframes of politics and public policy experiments. Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, 7 (4), 137−148. DOI: 10.1093/ppmgov/gvae008
• Ittefaq, Huma; Akhtar, Naeem; Siddiqi, Umar Iqbal; Islam, Tahir; Kuzior, Aleksandra (2024). The betrayal puzzle: Unravelling the connection between inauthenticity, corporate wrongdoing and brand betrayal with avoidance and reparation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 76, #103597. DOI: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103597
• Männasoo, Kadri; Pareliussen, Jon Kristian; Saia, Artjom (2023). Digital capacity and employment outcomes: Microdata evidence from pre- and post-COVID-19 Europe. Telematics and Informatics, 83, #102024. DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2023.102024
• Troitiño, David Ramiro; Mazur, Viktoria; Kerikmäe, Tanel (2024). E-governance and integration in the European union. Internet of Things, 27,  #101321. DOI: 10.1016/j.iot.2024.101321
• Olaniyi, O. Eunice; Solarte Vasquez, Maria Claudia; Inkinen, Tommi (2024). Smart Regulations in Maritime Governance: Efficacy, Gaps and Stakeholder Perspectives. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 202,  #116341. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116341.
• Masso, Anu; Kasapoglu, Tayfun; Kaun, Anne; Galis, Vasilis (2024). Citizens’ perspectives on platformisation of police work: a scenario and story-based exploration in Estonia and Sweden. Information Communication & Society, 27 (13),  2400−2418. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2024.2333842.
• Fadmastuti, M., Nowak, D., Crompvoets, J. (2024). Flood data platform governance: Identifying the technological and socio-technical approach(es) differences. Environmental Science & Policy, 162,  #103938. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103938.
• Toding, Martin; Mädamürk, Kaja; Venesaar, Urve; Malleus, Elina (2023). Teachers' mindset and attitudes towards learners and learning environment to support students' entrepreneurial attitudes in universities. The International Journal of Management Education, 21 (1),  100769. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100769.

School of Business and Governance's research article of the year 2024 in the field of ESG

• Kostakis, V.; Pazaitis, A.; Liarokapis, M. (2023). Beyond high-tech versus low-tech: A tentative framework for sustainable urban data governance. Big Data & Society, 10 (1). DOI: 10.1177/20539517231180583

School of Business and Governance's research articles of the year 2023:

Kalantaridis, C.; Küttim, M. (2023). Multi-dimensional time and university technology commercialization as opportunity praxis: a realist synthesis of the accumulated literature. Technovation, 122, 102685
Article

Robra, B.; Pazaitis, A.; Giotitsas, C.; Pansera, M. (2023). From creative destruction to convivial innovation - A post-growth perspective. Technovation, 125, 102760
Article

Prokop, V.; Gerstlberger, W.; Zapletal, D.; Gyamfi, S. (2023). Do we need human capital heterogeneity for energy efficiency and innovativeness? Insights from European catching-up territories. Energy Policy, 177
Article

Verhoest, K.; Callens, C.; Klijn, E., H.; Brogaard, L.; García‐Rayado, J.; Nõmmik, S. (2023). Designing cross‐sector collaboration to foster technological innovation: Empirical insights from eHealth partnerships in five countries. Public Administration Review, 1−18. 
Article

Randma-Liiv, T. (2022). Organizing e-participation: Challenges stemming from the multiplicity of actors. Public Administration, 100 (4), 1037−1053.
Article

Wouters, S.; Lember, V.; Janssen M.; Crompvoets, J. (2023). Strategies to advance the dream of integrated digital public service delivery in inter-organizational collaboration networks. Government Information Quarterly, 40 (1), 101779. 
Article

Stein, M.-K.; Lim, E. T.; Tan, C.-W. (2022). Explaining Persistent Ineffectiveness in Professional Online Communities: Multilevel Tensions and Misguided Coping Strategies. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 23 (1), 372−400. 
Article

Levenko, N.; Staehr, K. (2023). Self-reported tax compliance in post-transition Estonia. Economic Systems, , 47 (3), 101047. 
Article

Polese, A.; Fradejas-García, I.; Šimić Banović, R.; Škokić, V.; Kerikmäe, T.; Luis Molina, J.; Alpeza, M.; Lubbers, M. J.; Camerani, A. (2022). Labour Mobility and Informality: Romanian Migrants in Spain and Ethnic Entrepreneurs in Croatia; Politics and Governance, 10 (2), 279−292.
Article

School of Business and Governance's research article of the year 2024 in the field of ESG

Priavolou, C.; Troullaki, K.; Tsiouris, N.; Giotitsas, C.; Kostakis, V. (2022). Tracing sustainable production from a degrowth and localization perspective: A case of 3D printers. Journal of Cleaner Production,  376, 134291
Article

TalTech's research article of the year 2022 in the field of  engineering and technology:

Saia, A.; Neshumayev, D.; Hazak, A.; Sander, P.; Jarvik, O.; Konist, A. (2022) Techno-economic assessment of CO2 capture possibilities for oil shale power plants. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 169, ARTN 112938.
Article 

TalTech's research article of the year 2022 in the field of social sciences and humanities:

Talpsepp, T.; Tanav, A.-L. (2021) Do gender, age and education affect herding in the real estate market? Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 32, #100571.
Article 

School of Business and Governance's research article of the year 2022 in the field of ethics, responsibility, and sustainability:

Kurashvili, M.; Reinhold, K.; Järvis, M. (2022). Managing an ageing healthcare workforce: a systematic literature review. Journal of Health Organization and Management.
Article 

School of Business and Governance's research articles of the year 2022:

Salman, A.; Connolly, C.; Demirag, I. (2021). Testing times: governing a pandemic with numbers. Accounting Auditing Accountability Journal.
Article 

Randma-Liiv, T. (2022). Adoption is not enough: Institutionalization of e-participation initiatives. Public Policy and Administration,  095207672110691. 
Article

Ferraro, S.; Agasisti, T.; Porcelli, F.; Soncin, M. (2021). Local governments’ efficiency and educational results: empirical evidence from Italian primary schools. Applied Economics, 53 (35),  4017−4039.
Article 

Koroleva, E.; Laidroo, L.; Avarmaa, M. (2021). Performance of FinTechs: Are founder characteristics important? Journal of East European Management Studies, 2,  306−338.
Article 

Hollebeek, L. D.; Kumar, V.; Srivastava, R. K.; Clark, M. K. (2022). Moving the stakeholder journey forward. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 
Article

Chafik, S.; Drechsler, W. (2022). In the Semi‐Shadow of the Global West: Moroccan zawāyā as Good Public Administration. Public Administration Review, 82 (4),  747−755.
Article 

Kuronen, J. O.; Winell, K.; Hartsenko, J.; Räsänen, K. P. (2022). Occupational health care personnel tackling alcohol overuse – an observational study of work processes and patient characteristics. BMC Public Health, 22 (1),  #67. 
Article 

Männasoo, K. (2022). Working Hours and Gender Wage Differentials: Evidence from the American Working Conditions Survey. Labour Economics, 76,  #102148.
Article 

Keypour, J.; Ahmadzada, U. (2021). Consolidating EU energy security by relying on energy de-politicisation. European Security,  1−23.
Article 

School of Business and Governance's research article of the year 2021 in the field of ethics, responsibility, and sustainability:
Prokop, V.; Gerstlberger, W.; Zapletal, D.; Striteska, M. K. (2021). The double-edged role of firm environmental behaviour in the creation of product innovation in Central and Eastern European countries. Journal of Cleaner Production,  #129989.
Article

School of Business and Governance's research articles of the year 2021:
Mohr, Z. T.; Raudla, R.; Douglas, J. W. (2021). Comparing Cost Accounting Use across European Countries: The Role of Administrative Traditions, NPM Instruments, and Fiscal Stress. Public Administration Review, 81 (2),  299−307.
Article

Hammerschmidt, J.; Durst, S.; Kraus, S., Puumalainen, K. (2021). Professional football clubs and empirical evidence from the COVID-19 crisis: Time for sport entrepreneurship? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 165,  #120572. 
Article

Laidroo, L.; Koroleva, E.; Kliber, A.; Rupeika-Apoga, R.; Grigaliuniene, Z. (2021). Business models of FinTechs – Difference in similarity? Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 46,  #101034. 
Article

Pazaitis, A.; Kostakis, V. (2021). Are the most influential websites peer-produced or price-incentivized? Organizing value in the digital economy. Organization. 
Article

Harkmann, K.; Staehr, K. (2021). Current account drivers and exchange rate regimes in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of International Money and Finance, 110,  ARTN 102286. 
Article

Priavolou, C.; Tsiouris, N.; Niaros, V.; Kostakis, V. (2021). Towards Sustainable Construction Practices: How to Reinvigorate Vernacular Buildings in the Digital Era? Buildings, 11 (7),  #297. 
Article

Kirs, M.; Lember, V.; Karo, E. (2021). Technology Transfer in Economic Periphery: Emerging Patterns and Policy Challenges. Review of Policy Research. 
Article

Müür, J. (2021). Intermediating Smart Specialisation and Entrepreneurial Discovery: The Cases of Estonia and Helsinki Uusimaa. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. 
Artikkel

Drechsler, W. (2021). New development: Myanmar’s civil service—Responsible disobedience during the 2021 military coup. Public Money  Management, 41 (7),  577−580. 
Article

Järv, O.; Masso, A.; Silm, S.; Ahas, R. (2021). The Link Between Ethnic Segregation and Socio‐Economic Status: An Activity Space Approach. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 112 (3),  319−335. 
Article

TalTech's research article of the year 2020 in the field of social sciences and humanities:
Durst, S.; Zieba, M. (2020). Knowledge risks inherent in business sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 251,  ARTN 119670. 
Article

School of Business and Governance's research article of the year 2020 in the field of ethics, responsibility, and sustainability:
Kasabov, E. (2020). Ignored, Silenced, Caricatured, Ridiculed, Patronised, and Hijacked: What Next for a post-Populist, post-Gilded-Age Countryside? Journal of Rural Studies, 75, 143-151.
Article

School of Business and Governance's research articles of the year 2020:
Kattel, R.; Lember, V.; Tõnurist, P. (2020). Collaborative Innovation and Human-Machine Networks. Public Management Review, 22 (11), 1652−1673. 
Article

Salman, A.; Ciaran, C.; Istemi, D. (2020). Toward an understanding of strategic control at a distance in public service delivery. Accounting Auditing  Accountability Journal, 34 (3), 558-590.
Article

Kalantaridis, C.; Küttim, M. (2020). University Ownership and Information about the Entrepreneurial Opportunity in Commercialisation: A Systematic Review and Realist Synthesis of the Literature. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 46, 1487–1513.
Article

Talpsepp, T.; Liivamägi, K.; Vaarmets, T. (2020). Academic abilities, education and performance in the stock market. Journal of Banking  Finance, 117, (105848).
Article

Bekiros, S.; Nilavongse, R.; Uddin, G. S. (2020). Expectation-Driven House Prices and Debt Defaults: The Effectiveness of Monetary and Macroprudential Policies. Journal of Financial Stability, 49, (100760).
Article

Raudla, R.; Bur, S.; Keel, K. (2020). The Effects of Crises and European‐Level Fiscal Governance Reforms on the Budgetary Processes of Member States. JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies, 58 (3), 740−756. 
Article

Männasoo, K.; Meriküll, J. (2020). Credit constraints and RD over the boom and bust: Firm-level evidence from Central and Eastern Europe. Economic Systems, 44 (2), 100747
Article

Illiashenko, P.; Laidroo, L. (2020). National culture and bank risk-taking: Contradictory case of individualism. Research in International Business and Finance, 51 (101069). 
Article

TalTech's research article of the year 2019 in the field of social sciences and humanities:
Toots, M. (2019). Why E-participation systems fail: The case of Estonia's Osale.ee. Government Information Quarterly, 36 (3), 546−559. 
Article

School of Business and Governance's research articles of the year 2019:
Laidroo, L.; Avarmaa, M. (2020). The role of location in FinTech formation. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 32 (7-8), 555−572. 
Article

Vaarmets, T.; Liivamägi K.; Talpsepp, T. (2019). How Does Learning and Education Help to Overcome the Disposition Effect. Review of Finance, 23 (4), 801−830. 
Article

Rosenberg, S. (2019). The effects of conventional and unconventional monetary policy on house prices in the Scandinavian countries. Journal of Housing Economics, 46, (101659). 
Article

Kukk, M. (2019). Debt repayment problems: short-term and long-term implications for spending. Review of Economics of the Household, 17 (2), 715−740. 
Article

Lember, V.; Brandsen, T.; Tõnurist, P. (2019). The Potential Impacts of Digital Technologies on Co-Production and Co-Creation. Public Management Review, 21 (11), 1665-1686.
Article

Kickert, W.; Randma-Liiv, T. (2019). No Direct Influence of EU on Domestic Consolidation and Reform: Two Fiscal ‘Hardliners’, Netherlands and Estonia. Public Management Review, 21 (9), 1330−1347. 
Article

Piatak, J. S.; Douglas, J. W.; Raudla, R. (2020). The role perceptions of government professionals: the effects of gender, educational field, and prior job sector. Public Management Review, 22 (10), 1515−1534. 
Article

Kostakis, V. (2018). In Defense of Digital Commoning. Organization. 25 (6), 812-818. 
Article

Karo, E. (2018). Mission-oriented innovation policies and bureaucracies in East Asia. Industrial and Corporate Change, 27 (5), 867−881. 
Article

TalTech's research article of the year 2018 in the field of social sciences and humanities:
Männasoo, K.; Hein, H.; Ruubel, R. (2018). The contributions of human capital, R&D spending and convergence to total factor productivity growth. Regional Studies, 52 (12), 1598-1611.
Article

School of Business and Governance's research articles of the year 2018:
Kostakis, V.; Latoufis, K.; Liarokapis, M.; Bauwens, M. (2018). The convergence of digital commons with local manufacturing from a degrowth perspective: Two illustrative cases. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 1684−1693. 
Article

Ferraro, S. (2018). Is information and communication technology satisfying educational needs at school? Computers & Education, 122, 194−204. 
Article

Kickert, W.; Randma-Liiv, T. (2017). The Politics of Cutback Management in Thirteen European Countries: Statistical Evidence on Causes and Effects. Public Management Review, 19 (2), 175−193.
Article

Pazaitis, A.; De Filippi, P.; Kostakis, V. (2017). Blockchain and value systems in the sharing economy: The illustrative case of Backfeed. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 125, 105−115. 
Article

Kalantaridis, C.; Küttim, M.; Govind, M.; Sousa, C. (2017). How to commercialise university-generated knowledge internationally? A comparative analysis of contingent institutional conditions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 123, 35−44. 
Article

Carlberg, M.; Koppel, T.; Ahonen, M.; Hardell, L. (2018). Case-Control Study on Occupational Exposure to Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and the Association with Meningioma. BioMed Research International. 
Article

Raudla, R.; Douglas, J. W.; Savi, R.; Randma-Liiv, T. (2017). Fiscal Crisis and Expenditure Cuts: The Influence of Public Management Practices on Cutback Strategies in Europe. The American Review of Public Administration, 47 (3), 376−394. 
Article

Zhao, X.; Drechsler, W. (2018). Wang Anshi’s economic reforms: proto-Keynesian economic policy in Song Dynasty China. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 16 (1), 1−16. 
Article

Niine, T.; Kolbre, E.; Miina, A. (2017). Enablers and Constraints of Peripheral Air Cargo - a case study of Estonia. Journal of Air Transport Management, 61, 106−114. 
Article

Cuestas, J. C.; Filipozzi, F.; Staehr, K. (2017). Uncovered Interest Parity in Central and Eastern Europe: Expectations and Structural Breaks. Review of International Economics, 25 (4), 695−710. 
Article